howto:hambasics:sections:intro
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howto:hambasics:sections:intro [2020/10/07 07:58] – ↷ Links adapted because of a move operation va7fi | howto:hambasics:sections:intro [2022/11/04 18:41] (current) – [Certificate Qualifications Overview] va7fi | ||
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- | | [[..: | ||
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====== Intro to Radio Waves ====== | ====== Intro to Radio Waves ====== | ||
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Imagine the radio in your car could not only listen but also transmit on any frequency you like. What would happen as you move up and down the dial? | Imagine the radio in your car could not only listen but also transmit on any frequency you like. What would happen as you move up and down the dial? | ||
- | {{ ..:dial.jpg }} | + | {{ dial.jpg }} |
Starting in the FM radio range, let's turn the dial down: | Starting in the FM radio range, let's turn the dial down: | ||
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There' | There' | ||
- | * At 2.4 GHz (or 2400 MHz) and 5 GHz (or 5000 Mhz), you'd be interfering with WiFi signals. | + | * At 2.4 GHz (or 2400 MHz) and 5.8 GHz (or 5800 Mhz), you'd be interfering with WiFi signals. |
* Between 30 and 120 THz (30,000 and 120,000 GHz), you'd be in the mid-infrared range and your antenna would start to feel warm. | * Between 30 and 120 THz (30,000 and 120,000 GHz), you'd be in the mid-infrared range and your antenna would start to feel warm. | ||
- | * At <fc # | + | * At <fc # |
* Between 790 THz and 30 PHz (30,000 THz) you'd create UV rays, which are invisible but could blind you. | * Between 790 THz and 30 PHz (30,000 THz) you'd create UV rays, which are invisible but could blind you. | ||
* Between 30 PHz and 30 EHz (30,000 PHz) you'd create X-rays, which we could be used to take pictures of your bones. | * Between 30 PHz and 30 EHz (30,000 PHz) you'd create X-rays, which we could be used to take pictures of your bones. | ||
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So radio waves are a small part of what we call the Elecromagnetic Spectrum((Picture of the Electromagnetic Spectrum modified from [[wp> | So radio waves are a small part of what we call the Elecromagnetic Spectrum((Picture of the Electromagnetic Spectrum modified from [[wp> | ||
- | {{ ..:electromagnetic-spectrumhz.png? | + | {{ electromagnetic-spectrumhz.png? |
<WRAP round tip box center 80%> | <WRAP round tip box center 80%> | ||
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Now, let's take another look at the Electromagnetic Spectrum picture. | Now, let's take another look at the Electromagnetic Spectrum picture. | ||
- | {{ ..:electromagnetic-spectrumhz2.png? | + | {{ electromagnetic-spectrumhz2.png? |
* FM radio and TV broadcasting is between 50 MHz and 1000 MHz (called VHF and UHF bands). | * FM radio and TV broadcasting is between 50 MHz and 1000 MHz (called VHF and UHF bands). | ||
* But some radio waves go even lower than 10< | * But some radio waves go even lower than 10< | ||
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Ham radio operators are allowed to transmit on very specific slices of the Electromagnetic Spectrum depending on which qualifications we have ("< | Ham radio operators are allowed to transmit on very specific slices of the Electromagnetic Spectrum depending on which qualifications we have ("< | ||
- | {{ ..:hamfrequencies1.png }} | + | {{ hamfrequencies1.png }} |
* <fc # | * <fc # | ||
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* <fc # | * <fc # | ||
* <fc # | * <fc # | ||
- | * <fc # | + | * <fc # |
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We'll explore this in much more detail later, but for now, the important concept is that to transmit a signal, the radio must transmit over a **range** of frequencies, | We'll explore this in much more detail later, but for now, the important concept is that to transmit a signal, the radio must transmit over a **range** of frequencies, | ||
- | In addition to only being allowed to transmit on specific frequencies, | + | In addition to only being allowed to transmit on specific frequencies, |
+ | |||
+ | <WRAP center round tip 80%> | ||
+ | That is, there are restrictions on //where// we transmit on the spectrum as well as //how wide// the transmissions are. | ||
+ | </ | ||
This is important because different modes have different bandwidth requirements. | This is important because different modes have different bandwidth requirements. | ||
- | {{ | + | {{ scope01.png}} |
<WRAP indent> | <WRAP indent> | ||
|< 300px >| | |< 300px >| | ||
^Mode ^Required Bandwidth | | ^Mode ^Required Bandwidth | | ||
- | |CW |30 Hz | | + | |CW |~300 Hz | |
|300 Baud Packet |~600 Hz | | |300 Baud Packet |~600 Hz | | ||
|SSB Voice |2.7 kHz | | |SSB Voice |2.7 kHz | | ||
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</ | </ | ||
- | We'll look at that picture in more details soon, but for now, let's just point out how the AM signal is twice as wide as the SSB signal | + | We'll look at that picture in more details soon, but for now, let's just point out how the AM signal is twice as wide as the SSB signal. |
===== Certificate Qualifications Overview ===== | ===== Certificate Qualifications Overview ===== | ||
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* Basic requires 70% to pass, but 80% or greater gives Honours privileges. | * Basic requires 70% to pass, but 80% or greater gives Honours privileges. | ||
* Morse requires 5 wpm. | * Morse requires 5 wpm. | ||
- | * Advanced is a different test that require | + | * Advanced is a different test that requires |
<WRAP indent> | <WRAP indent> | ||
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The **Basic (70% -- 79%)** certificate gives access to <fc # | The **Basic (70% -- 79%)** certificate gives access to <fc # | ||
- | {{ ..:hamfrequencies2.png }} | + | {{ hamfrequencies2.png }} |
VHF and UHF bands are local bands (more on that later). | VHF and UHF bands are local bands (more on that later). | ||
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The **Basic with Honours** (80% or more) certificate adds access to <fc # | The **Basic with Honours** (80% or more) certificate adds access to <fc # | ||
- | {{ ..:hamfrequencies3.png }} | + | {{ hamfrequencies3.png }} |
HF bands are "long range" bands. | HF bands are "long range" bands. | ||
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===== Full Frequency List ===== | ===== Full Frequency List ===== | ||
- | Here is the full frequency list. | + | Here is the full frequency list. < |
* The **Band** name is given in meter or cm. You'll need to know them. | * The **Band** name is given in meter or cm. You'll need to know them. | ||
* The **Maximum Bandwidth** is the maximum width of the radio signal. | * The **Maximum Bandwidth** is the maximum width of the radio signal. | ||
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<WRAP indent> | <WRAP indent> | ||
- | ^ | + | ^ ^ Band |
- | |LF | + | | LF | 2200m |
- | |MF | + | | LF | 630m | 0.472 -- 0.479 | 1 kHz | <fc # |
- | |HF | + | | MF |
- | |HF | + | | HF |
- | |HF | + | | HF | 60m |
- | |HF | + | | HF |
- | |HF | + | | HF | 30m |
- | |HF | + | | HF |
- | |HF | + | | HF | 17m |
- | |HF | + | | HF |
- | |HF | + | | HF | 12m |
- | |VHF |6m | 50 -- 54 | + | | HF |
- | |VHF |2m | 144 -- 148 | + | | VHF | 6m | 50 -- 54 |
- | |VHF |135cm | 219 -- 225 | + | | VHF | 2m | 144 -- 148 |
- | |UHF |70cm | 430 -- 450 | + | | VHF | 135cm |
- | |UHF |35cm | 902 -- 928 | + | | UHF | 70cm | |
- | ^ ^ ^ | + | | UHF | 35cm | |
- | |UHF | | 1.24 -- 1.30 | + | ^ ^ ^ |
- | |UHF | | 2.30 -- 2.45 | + | | UHF | |
- | |SHF | | 3.3 -- 3.5 | + | | UHF | |
- | |SHF | | 5.650 -- 5.925 | + | | SHF | |
- | |SHF | | 10.0 -- 10.5 | + | | SHF | |
- | |SHF | | 24.00 -- 24.05 | + | | SHF | |
- | |SHF | | 24.05 -- 24.25 | + | | SHF | |
- | |EHF | | 47.0 -- 47.2 | + | | SHF | |
- | |EHF | | 76.0 -- 77.5 | + | | EHF | |
- | |EHF | | 77.5 -- 78.0 | + | | EHF | |
- | |EHF | | 78.0 -- 81.0 | + | | EHF | |
- | |EHF | | 81.0 -- 81.5 | + | | EHF | |
- | |EHF | | 122.25 -- 123.00 | + | | EHF | |
- | |EHF | | 134.0 -- 136.0 | + | | EHF | |
- | |EHF | | 136.0 -- 141.0 | + | | EHF | |
- | |EHF | | 241.0 -- 248.0 | + | | EHF | |
- | |EHF | | 248.0 -- 250.0 | + | | EHF | |
+ | | EHF | | ||
</ | </ | ||
+ | |||
+ | * <wrap hi>< | ||
+ | * <wrap hi>< | ||
+ | * <wrap hi>< | ||
Non-ham frequencies for comparison: | Non-ham frequencies for comparison: | ||
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===== Important Notes ===== | ===== Important Notes ===== | ||
- | Information quoted here was taken from the [[http:// | + | Information quoted here was taken from ISED' |
- | + | ||
- | ^D | For the 2200m and 30m bands, the maximum bandwidth allowed is too narrow for phone (voice) transmissions. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | ^☆ | Secondary User "means that transmissions shall not cause interference nor be protected from interference from stations licensed in other services operating in that band. Operating provisions defined below are excerpts from the [[http:// | + | |
- | + | ||
- | ^1 | " | + | |
- | + | ||
- | ^2 | " | + | |
- | + | ||
- | ^3| "The use of the band 7.200 -- 7.300 MHz in Region 2 (North America) by the amateur service shall not impose constraints on the broadcasting service intended for use within Region 1 and Region 3 (Europe and Asia)." | + | |
- | + | ||
- | ^4 | "The use of the band 10.100 -- 10.150 MHz by the amateur service in Canada is not in accordance with the international frequency allocations. Canadian amateur operations shall not cause interference to fixed service operations of other administrations and if such interference should occur, the amateur service may be required to cease operations. The amateur service in Canada may not claim protection from interference by the fixed service operations of other administrations." | + | |
- | + | ||
- | ^5 | "In the band 219 -- 220 MHz, the amateur service is permitted on a secondary basis. In the band 220 -‑ 222 MHz, the amateur service may be permitted in exceptional circumstances on a secondary basis to assist in disaster relief efforts." | + | |
- | ^6 | "The 81.0 -- 81.5 GHz band is also allocated to the amateur and amateur-satellite services on a secondary basis." | + | ^ <wrap hi> |
+ | ^ <wrap hi> | ||
+ | ^ 1 | " | ||
+ | ^ 2 | "The maximum equivalent isotropically radiated power (e.i.r.p.) of stations in the amateur service using frequencies in the band 472-479 kHz shall not exceed 1 W. Administrations may increase this limit of e.i.r.p. to 5 W in portions of their territory which are at a distance of over 800 km from the borders of Algeria, Saudi Arabia, Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Belarus, China, Comoros, Djibouti, Egypt, United Arab Emirates, the Russian Federation, Iran (Islamic Republic of), Iraq, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Morocco, Mauritania, Oman, Uzbekistan, Qatar, Syrian Arab Republic, Kyrgyzstan, Somalia, Sudan, Tunisia, Ukraine and Yemen. In this frequency band, stations in the amateur service shall not cause harmful interference to, or claim protection from, stations of the aeronautical radionavigation service. (WRC-12)" | ||
+ | ^ 3 | " | ||
+ | ^ 4 | "The use of the band 7.200 -- 7.300 MHz in Region 2 (North America) by the amateur service shall not impose constraints on the broadcasting service intended for use within Region 1 and Region 3 (Europe and Asia)." | ||
+ | ^ 5 | "The use of the band 10.100 -- 10.150 MHz by the amateur service in Canada is not in accordance with the international frequency allocations. Canadian amateur operations shall not cause interference to fixed service operations of other administrations and if such interference should occur, the amateur service may be required to cease operations. The amateur service in Canada may not claim protection from interference by the fixed service operations of other administrations." | ||
+ | ^ 6 | "In the band 219 -- 220 MHz, the amateur service is permitted on a secondary basis. In the band 220 -‑ 222 MHz, the amateur service may be permitted in exceptional circumstances on a secondary basis to assist in disaster relief efforts." | ||
+ | ^ 7 | ||
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- | [[..: | + | [[..: |
howto/hambasics/sections/intro.1602082722.txt.gz · Last modified: 2020/10/07 07:58 by va7fi