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howto:hambasics:polarization [2019/11/20 17:06] – [How To Make A Radio Wave] ve7hzfhowto:hambasics:sections:polarization [2020/11/08 16:10] (current) va7fi
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-<box orange |**Under Construction**> +====== How To Make A Radio Wave ====== 
-VE7HZF is editing this sectionplease do not edit it until this notice is taken down. +Back on the [[intro#hz|Intro Page]]we introduced to the idea of frequency and saw that
-</box>+
  
-====== Polarization ======+<WRAP indent prewrap 80%> 
 +A Hertz (Hz) is a measure of how fast something vibrates [...]
  
-===== How To Make A Radio Wave ===== +Just seeing “Hz” doesn't tell you anything about what it is that's oscillating in the same way that seeing “°C” doesn't tell you anything about what it is that has temperature. “Hz” is a unit of measure, not a thing itself.
-Back on the [[intro#hz |Intro Page]], we introduced to the idea of frequency and saw that+
  
->A Hertz (Hz) is a measure of how fast something vibrates [...] +Radio waves are created by oscillating electric currents. How many times this current oscillates per second is called the frequency, which is measured in Hz.  
-+</WRAP>
->Just seeing “Hz” doesn't tell you anything about what it is that's oscillating in the same way that seeing “°C” doesn't tell you anything about what it is that has temperature. “Hz” is a unit of measure, not a thing itself. +
-+
->Without going into too much detail (yet), radio waves are created by oscillating electric currents. How many times this current oscillates per second is called the frequency, which is measured in Hz (or kHz, MHz, GHz)+
  
-It's now time to add a few more details.  Here is a basic recipe for making a radio wave:+It's now time to add a few more details to this story.  Here is a basic recipe for making a radio wave:
   - Get a length of conducting wire and lay it in a straight line.   - Get a length of conducting wire and lay it in a straight line.
   - Cut it in half right in the middle and bend both ends at right angle.   - Cut it in half right in the middle and bend both ends at right angle.
   - Connect the two middle ends to each side of an alternating current generator.   - Connect the two middle ends to each side of an alternating current generator.
  
 +<WRAP centeralign>
 {{dipole.gif}}{{radiationpatternh.jpg}} {{dipole.gif}}{{radiationpatternh.jpg}}
 +</WRAP>
  
 +Voila! The antenna we've made is called a //dipole// Assuming that its length matches the frequency of the current generator (more on this shortly), and that the antenna is high enough above the ground, you've created a radio wave.((GIF from [[wp>Dipole_antenna |Wikipedia Dipole Antenna]]))  As electrons move up and down the length of the wires, they create varying electric and magnetic fields that couple together according to [[wp>Maxwell's_equations |Maxwell's Equations]] and propagate outward in a doughnut shape.((Picture modified from [[wp>Dipole_antenna |Wikipedia Dipole Antenna]]))
  
-Voila! Assuming that the length of the antenna (the two pieces of wires) match the frequency of the current generator (more of this later), and that the antenna is high enough above the ground, you've created a radio wave.((GIF from [[wp>Dipole_antenna |Wikipedia Dipole Antenna]]))  As electrons move up and down the length of the wires, they create varying electric and magnetic fields that couple together according to [[wp>Maxwell's_equations |Maxwell's Equations]] and propagate outward in a doughnut shape.((Picture modified from [[wp>Dipole_antenna |Wikipedia Dipole Antenna]]))+{{ youtube>JvPBlKLXVyo }}
  
- +====== Horizontal vs Vertical Polarization ======
-===== Horizontal vs Vertical Polarization =====+
  
 {{  polarization.jpg}} {{  polarization.jpg}}
-Here's the critical part though:  In the same way that an alternating current through an antenna creates a radio wave, a radio wave hitting an antenna induces an alternating current through it **if the radio wave hitting the antenna is in the same "direction" as the antenna**.+Here's the critical part though:  In the same way that an alternating current through an antenna creates a radio wave, a radio wave hitting an antenna induces an alternating current through it if the radio wave hitting the antenna is in the same "direction" as the antenna.
  
 This "direction" is called polarization. This "direction" is called polarization.
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 ===== Effect on Communication ===== ===== Effect on Communication =====
-In practice, polarization is more important for VHF and UHF communication because signals go directly from the transmitting station to the receiving one.+The polarization of an antenna is determined by the orientation of the electric field relative to the Earth's surface.  So a horizontal antenna will produce a radio wave that has an horizontal electric field.  The magnetic field part of the wave is always perpendicular to both the electric field and the direction of propagation, so in this case, it would be vertical.
  
-For skywave HF communications, the ionosphere can change the polarization of the signal from moment to moment as the radio wave refracts, reflects, or goes through magnetic fields.  As such polarization of the antennas on HF frequency doesn't matter much.+In practice, polarization is more important for VHF and UHF communication because signals travel more or less directly from the transmitting antenna to the receiving one.  For skywave HF communications, however, the ionosphere can change the polarization of the signal from moment to moment as the radio wave refracts, reflects, or goes through magnetic fields in the atmosphere.  As such polarization of the antennas on HF frequency doesn't matter much because you never know what polarization your signal will end up having once it arrives at its destination.
  
  
 +====== Wavelength and Antenna Length ======
  
-====== Scattering ======+As we saw previously, the wavelength (λ) in metres of the wave is dictated by the frequency \$f\$ in MHz and the speed of light:
  
-{{:howto:hambasics:scattering.png?85  }}A few pages back, we saw that radio waves can reflect, refract, and be absorbed by the ionosphere.  Now we'll discuss how they can also be scattered.+<WRAP centeralign> 
 +\$$ \lambda = \frac{300}{f\qquad \text{or} \qquad f = \frac{300}{\lambda}\$$ 
 +</WRAP>
  
-Scattering occurs when an EM wave hits a bunch of "small particles"((The "small particles" can be single atoms, molecules, dust, or pockets of gas with a different index of refraction.  They can also be bigger objects like meteors or small planes!  The size of the "particle" is always relative to the wavelength of the EM wave.  To a 160m radio wavea meteor is small, but to a laser beam (≈500nm), a dust particle is very big.)) that in turn re-radiate the wave in all direction.  Here are a few examples((The laser pictures were taken by Patrick, VE7HZF with help from Justine.  The picture of the forest is from: [[https://www.souvenirpixels.com/Photo-blog/i-cZgCHvZ]])) in the visible light spectrum:+This explains the Band name in the table on the [[intro#full_frequency_list|intro page]].  For example, the frequency range of the 2m band is 144 Mhz -- 148 Mhz.  If we calculate the wavelength of 146 Mhz, we get300 ÷ 146 = 2.05 m
  
-The first picture shows a laser beam shinning at the wall.  In the second picture water is sprayed into the path of the laser beam. +Now it turns out that the size of the antenna is very closely related to the wavelength of the signal we wish to transmit or receive.  For a dipole, the total length is roughly half of the wavelengthSo an antenna for the 2m band should be roughly 1m long, while an antenna for the 160m band would be roughly 80m long!
-{{ :howto:hambasics:laser1.jpg }} +
-{{ :howto:hambasics:laser2.jpg }}+
  
-The reason the beam is invisible in the first picture is that all the light from the laser travels toward the wall (an none toward the camera).  But in the second picture, the water vapour scatters some of that light in random directions, allowing some of it to reach the camera.  In the same way, we also normally can'see light rays from light bulbs that don't go toward us.  What I mean is this: +We say "roughly" here because as we'll see later, the speed of electricity in a conductor is a bit less than the speed of light, so the antenna length end up being roughly 5% shorter than calculated here.
-  * Look at the light bulb in the room you're in. +
-  * Now look at an object that the light bulb illuminates. +
-  * Now imagine straight line between the light bulb and that object. +
-Just like in the first picture, you don't see any light along //that// line.  If you did, the entire room would be glowing white from all the different lines that the light bulb emits.  In fact, it can happen on foggy day when it's also sunny.  Or on a foggy evening with the high beam of a car. {{ :howto:hambasics:lightscattering.jpg  }}+
  
-Now back to radio waves...+===== Cellphone Antenna ===== 
 +LTE band 1 operates roughly at 2100 MHz.(([[wp>LTE_frequency_bands |Wikipedia LTE]]))  How long would a dipole have to be?
  
-====== Troposphere ======+  * The wave length is: 300 ÷ 2100 0.14m 14cm 
 +  * Half of the wave length would be 7cm, which is small enough to fit in the cellphone.
  
-On the previous page, we discussed how the Ionosphere (the region of our atmosphere between 50km and 400km altitude) can, reflect and refract radio waves, let them pass straight through, or absorbed them completely mostly due to the sun's ionization of the gas in these layers. 
  
-Here we discuss how the [[wp>Troposphere |troposphere]] (the lowest region of our atmosphere below 20km altitude) can also affect radio waves.+====== Questions ======
  
 +[[empos |{{/back.png }}]] [[waveinteraction |{{  /next.png}}]]
  
- 
- 
-====== Next ====== 
- 
- 
-  * Tropospheric bending on 2m 
-  * Ducting 
-  * Sporatic E 
-  * Auroral propagation 
-  * Scatter 
-  * Meteor Scatter 
- 
-See [[wp>Radio_propagation]] 
- 
-Questions: 
-   * B-007-007-002 -> B-007-008-011 
- 
-====== Questions ====== 
-  * B-007-004-007 
-  * B-007-004-010 
- 
-[[sections |{{/back.png }}]] [[waveinterference |{{  /next.png}}]] 
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howto/hambasics/sections/polarization.1574298397.txt.gz · Last modified: 2019/11/20 17:06 by ve7hzf